Liquefaction of sands subjected to principal stress rotation caused by generalized seismic loading

A comprehensive experimental study that quantifies the influence of coupled compression and shear wave loading on liquefaction susceptibility sands is presented. Such typical in situ, leads to complex principal stress rotation, which turn impacts potential for soils even if cyclic intensity remains constant. The nature degree rotation caused by this are significantly influenced initial consolidation state, (ΔS), normal (ΔN) increments, ratio ΔS/ΔN, phase shift (δ) between waves. Cyclic hollow cylinder torsional tests were carried out Fraser River sand specimens isotropically consolidated different effective mean [Formula: see text] subjected with representative ΔS/ΔN. For a given (CSR) text], resistance decreases increasing s-wave relative p-wave intensity, proxies increments ΔS ΔN, respectively. Liquefaction an increase ΔS/ΔN up limiting value about 2 beyond does not resistance. finding consistent understanding lower under simple mode compared triaxial shear. Tests results also demonstrate confining regardless This indicates correction K σ factor (ratio at = 100 kPa) can be considered generalized conditions.